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• BIOL 4442: Dendrology

  4.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  A study of the identification, classification, nomenclature of trees and shrubs to include their growth, structure, natural history and economic importance. Identification will focus on leaves, morphology, bark and habitat. An emphasis is given to the forest communtiies and woody species common to the eastern United States.
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• BIOL 4470: Field Zoology and Systematics

  3.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  This course is devoted to concepts and procedures of systematics, and to classifying and identifying fauna collected on field trips.
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• BIOL 4473: Freshwater Ecology

  4.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  This course examines the structural and functional integrity of aquatic ecosystems and their responses to human impacts. Topics will include energy flow, nutrient cycling, ecosystem functioning, quantitative methods in assessing water quality, and other topics related to aquatic systems and their biological communities.
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• BIOL 4475: Wetlands Ecology

  4.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  This course will emphasize wetlands of the United States and their unique habitat characteristics. There will be a focus on plants, soils and hydrology as the principal indicators of wetlands. The wetland regulatory framework will be reviewed, and the procedures for wetland determination and assessment reviewed and practiced in the field.
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• BIOL 4480: Topics in Field Biology

  1.00 - 6.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  Specialized off-campus residential programs offered by department faculty and emphasize the ecology, behavior and/or the natural history of organisms in their natural environments. Focus and credit hours will vary, depending on the length and location of course, course workload, and the site at which the course is offered.
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• BIOL 4484: Quan Methods Aquatic Eco

  0.00 - 3.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  This course will focus on the practical skills required to test hypotheses and solve problems in the aquatic ecosystem. Lectures will explore the quantitative and analytical methods most often used by aquatic scientists, drawing liberally on applied examples. Students will learn the statistical and analytical principles that form the foundation for sound sampling programs and experiments. Laboratories will be aimed at gaining experience in the applications of these methods. There will be a strong focus on the proper use of field and laboratory equipment. We will explore methods used in the study of aquatic ecosystems, and we will emphasize the development of skills that are most often sought after by potential employers. Our local field sites offer a rich array of opportunities to use technology to better understand the environment, and this course will strive to focus on environmental issues of regional importance. Two lecture hours and three laboratory hours per week.
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• BIOL 4523: Algology

  3.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  A study of cytology, genetics and morphology as they relate to function; identification, classification, life histories, economic importance and ecological relations of the algae with emphasis on the algae of the region.
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• BIOL 4550: Evolution

  3.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  An advanced course that examines the mechanisms resulting in biological evolution. Emphasis is placed on how these mechanisms operate at a variety of levels, from individual genes to distantly related species, and thereby produce the diversity of life observed on earth.
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• BIOL 4570: Bio Study Design & Data Anal

  3.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  This course examines the design and use of research hypotheses, controlled experiments, and data collection and analysis, as they apply to research in the biological sciences. Emphasis is on the role of statistical inference in the hypothetico-deductive approach to studying living organisms
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• BIOL 4700: Mycology

  0.00 - 4.00 Credits

  Pennsylvania Western University

  
  A detailed examination of mushrooms, molds, and human mycoses, including an introduction to fungal ecology and assessment of fungal classification, as well as molecular systematics and an overview of medical significance. The course utilizes hands-on, student-driven, inquiry-based practices. Students will use scientific processes and procedures, data analysis, and research tools to investigate fungal morphogenesis, molecular diagnostics, culture techniques, ecological relationships, and human pathogenesis.
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