3.00 Credits
The main goal for this course is to present the working of the climate system as a whole and its critical components (the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, glaciers, land surface, etc), their complex interactions and feedbacks, and the mechanisms governing natural climate variability (e.g., ENSO) and the climate response to external perturbations (e.g., the increase in greenhouse-gas concentrations). Several important periods in Earth's climate history are explained in terms of natural and anthropogenic forcings and climate system responses. Various scenarios of future climate changes are also discussed.